2022-2023 Catalog

Major: History, B.A. (2205), 36 Credits

 

General Education: 42 Credits; Major: 36 Credits; Elective Credits: 42 Credits

Learning Goals for the Major in History

History majors at MMC will demonstrate the ability to:

  • Place ideas, movements, and cultural forms past and present in historical context.
  • Employ skills directly associated with historical method (primary and secondary research, analysis of sources, evaluation of evidence, argumentation, and historical writing and presentation.
  • Make connections between diverse areas of historical investigation and synthesize these areas within a coherent program of study.

 

About the Major in History

  • A “module” is equivalent to two courses that are connected by their content and historical approach.
  • The History major includes the History core module and five other two-course modules, which come from one to five of the areas of inquiry listed below.
  • No more than five courses in the History major can also count towards another major.
  • No more than two courses may also count towards a minor.
  • Courses that compose a module within one area of inquiry may not count within another.
  • At least 18 credits in the major must be earned at the 300 level or higher.
  • Students may not take more than three courses from Art History (ART designation) toward the History major.

History Core Module (6 credits)

HIST 213Historical Themes

3

HIST 329History Colloquium

3

Capstone Experience

History majors may satisfy the capstone requirement in one of three ways:

  • By engaging in an extended research project appended to one upper-level course, arranged in agreement between the faculty advisor and instructor.
  • By taking the Capstone Seminar course in a relevant discipline, with approval of the major advisor and instructor.
  • By arranging an Independent Study with an individual faculty member that culminates in a major research project.
  • The capstone experience will be considered part of a module that contributes to the required total of credits for the major (36).
  • The capstone experience can only be undertaken after the History core is completed.

Areas of Inquiry (30 credits)

African History

African American History and Culture

American History and Culture

Ancient History and Culture

Asian History and Culture

European History and Culture

Film History

Global History

Hispanic/Latin American History

History of Business and Advertising

History of Costume and Fashion

History and Culture of Dance

History and Culture of Music

History and Culture of New York City

History and Culture of Theater

History of Gender and Sexuality

History of Race and Ethnicity

History of Religions

History of STEM

Legal History

Media History

Medieval History and Culture

Modern European Intellectual History

African History

Module(s) chosen from:

ART 269The Art of Africa and Oceania

3

EWL 365/FREN 365Reading Contemporary Africa

3

HIST 243/IS 243Africa: Colonialism and Globalization

3

HIST 346/IS 346/PS 346Middle East: Politics, Identity and History

3

Note:

Courses EWL 365, HIST 346 have discipline specific prerequisites, beyond WRIT 102/WRIT 201 and/or MATH 113. History majors who wish to include these courses in their program should plan accordingly.

African-American History and Culture

Module(s) chosen from:

AIP 305/EWL 367Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man (UP, REP)

3

AIP 335Understanding American Slavery (UP)

3

AIP 345/PHR 345Civil Rights (REP, UP)

3

ART 269The Art of Africa and Oceania

3

DANC 311Black Dance in America

3

EWL 228African-American Literary Traditions

3

EWL 311Reading While Black: Writing, Race, and Resistance

3

EWL 335Slavery in the American Imaginary

3

MUS 372History of American Jazz

3

Note:

Courses EWL 311, EWL 335 have discipline specific prerequisites, beyond WRIT 102/WRIT 201 and/or MATH 113. History majors who wish to include these courses in their program should plan accordingly.

American History and Culture

 
Recommended Core Module
HIST 101The American Past I

3

HIST 103The American Past II

3

Further module(s) chosen from:
AIP 303Deconstructing the American Family (CP, UP)

3

AIP 305/EWL 367Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man (UP, REP)

3

AIP 312Great Trials of the Century (UP)

3

AIP 313Jazz and American Identity (UP)

3

AIP 317Cold War Cultural Diplomacy (IP, UP)

3

AIP 320The HIV/AIDS Epidemic (IP, NP)

3

AIP 327 The Body in American Culture: Colonial Period to the Gilded Age (CP, REP, UP)

3

AIP 335Understanding American Slavery (UP)

3

AIP 343Masculinity and Hollywood Film (UP)

3

AIP 345/PHR 345Civil Rights (REP, UP)

3

AIP 346/PHR 346Reform or Revolution: Radical New York in the Early 20th Century (EP, UP)

3

AIP 349History of Childhood in America: Growing up in the 20th Century (UP)

3

ART 290/DANC 290/THTR 290History & Mission of Arts Institutions

3

ART 356 American Art

3

ART 381Modern Art II: The Early-Twentieth Century from Post-Impressionism to Pop Art

3

BUS 306/COMM 306Advertising and Society

3

COMM 320The American Television Industry 

3

ECO 375Money, Banking and Financial Markets

3

EWL 228African-American Literary Traditions

3

EWL 219A Nation Divided: 1800-1865 in US Literature

3

EWL 221Oppression, Corruption, and Reform: 1860-1914 in US Literature

3

EWL 311Reading While Black: Writing, Race, and Resistance

3

EWL 334Literary New York

3

EWL 335Slavery in the American Imaginary

3

EWL 339Money, Money, Money: Literature and the American Dream

3

EWL 362“Becoming American”: Immigrant Narratives

3

HIST 255American Women’s History

3

HIST 312Made in the U.S.A. : American Consumer History

3

HIST 324The Ambiguity of Power:  The United States, 1900-1945

3

HIST 325Cold War America

3

HIST 327/IS 327/PS 327American Foreign Relations

3

MUS 370History of Rock Music

3

MUS 372History of American Jazz

3

PS 106 Introduction to U.S. Politics

3

PS 317Money, Sex and Power

3

PS 324Law, Government & Politics in America

3

PS 360The American Presidency and the Electorate

3

PS 402American Constitutional Law

3

SOC 359/PHR 359Race and Ethnicity

3

THTR 319Drama & Theatre in the United States

3

THTR 327Gender in Performance: Cross-Dressing on the American Stage

3

Note:

Courses ART 381, BUS 306, COMM 320, ECO 375, EWL 311, EWL 334, EWL 335, EWL 339, EWL 362, PS 360, PS 402, SOC 359 have discipline specific prerequisites, beyond WRIT 102/WRIT 201 and/or MATH 113. History majors who wish to include these courses in their program should plan accordingly.

Ancient History and Culture

Module(s) chosen from:

AIP 338Plato’s Republic (EP)

3

ART 250 Survey of Western Art I

3

ART 351Ancient and Classical Art

3

EWL 211Classical Literature 

3

HIST 216Europe: Antiquity to Enlightenment

3

PHIL 201Ancient Philosophy

3

Note:

Courses ART 351, EWL 312, PHIL 401, PHIL 403 have discipline specific prerequisites, beyond WRIT 102/WRIT 201 and/or MATH 113. History majors who wish to include these courses in their program should plan accordingly.

Asian History and Culture

 
Recommended Core Module
HIST 232/IS 232East Asian Civilizations

3

HIST 237/IS 237Modern East Asia 

3

Other module(s) chosen from:
AIP 301Ghost Stories and Fox Tales in Chinese Culture (IP)

3

AIP 302Chinese Culture through Fiction and Drama (IP)

3

ART 270Survey of Asian Art

3

EWL 306Literature of the Pacific

3

EWL 420Contemporary India Seminar 

3

HIST 238/IS 238Modern China

3

HIST 239/IS 239Modern Japan

3

HIST 247/IS 247Modern South Asia 

3

HIST 372/IS 372Women and Family in Chinese History

3

HIST 374/IS 374History of the People’s Republic of China

3

RS 120 Introduction to the Religions of Asia

3

RS 320Islam

3

RS 337Buddhism

3

RS 339Hinduism

3

Note:

Courses EWL 306, EWL 420, have discipline specific prerequisites, beyond WRIT 102/WRIT 201 and/or MATH 113. History majors who wish to include these courses in their program should plan accordingly.

European History and Culture

 
Recommended Core Module
HIST 216Europe: Antiquity to Enlightenment

3

HIST 218/IS 218The Making of the Modern World

3

Module(s) chosen from:
AIP 315Spain in the 1980’s and the Films of Almodóvar (CP, IP)

3

AIP 341Culture and Politics of Nazi Germany (CP, IP)

3

AIP 344 Medievalisms: Past and Present (CP)

3

AIP 348Perspectives on the Holocaust and Genocide (IP)

3

ART 318Michelangelo

3

ART 325Caravaggio, Bernini, and Baroque Art in Rome

3

ART 351Ancient and Classical Art

3

ART 353Medieval Art and Architecture

3

ART 355Renaissance and Baroque Art

3

ART 380Modern Art I: The Nineteenth Century from Neoclassicism to Post-Impressionism

3

ART 381Modern Art II: The Early-Twentieth Century from Post-Impressionism to Pop Art

3

EWL 210History of the English Language 

3

EWL 212Dragons, Knights, and Damsels: The Middle Ages

3

EWL 213European Romanticism

3

EWL 215Reading the British Empire: Racism, Whiteness, and English Literature

3

EWL 217Rebirth and Reform: The Early Modern Era

3

EWL 317Modernity & the Rise of Urban Literature

3

EWL 325Gothic Fiction

3

EWL 353Modern European Fiction

3

EWL 410Shakespeare Seminar

3

EWL 415Chaucer Seminar 

3

EWL 417Austen Seminar

3

EWL 419Hugo Seminar

3

EWL 422Virginia Woolf Seminar

3

FREN 315French and Francophone Cinema

3

FREN 40317th Century French Literature

3

FREN 409The French Short Story

3

HIST 309/IS 309Europe: Politics, Identity and Citizenship

3

IS 337/HIST 337Russia: From Peter the Great to Putin

3

MUS 231Introduction to Opera

3

MUS 310Opera and History

3

SPAN 315Hispanic Civilization

3

THTR 230Theatre Histories I: early evidence through 1750

3

THTR 231Theatre Histories II: 1750 through tomorrow

3

THTR 311Shakespeare, the Stage, and Humanity

3

THTR 408Medieval Performance

3

Note:

Courses AIP 318AIP 348, ART 325, ART 351, ART 353, ART 355, ART 380, ART 381, EWL 310, EWL 317, EWL 353, EWL 410, EWL 415, EWL 417, EWL 419, EWL 422, HIST 309, IS 337, THTR 311THTR 408  have discipline specific prerequisites, beyond WRIT 102/WRIT 201 and/or MATH 113. History majors who wish to include these courses in their program should plan accordingly.

Film History

Module(s) chosen from:

AIP 315Spain in the 1980’s and the Films of Almodóvar (CP, IP)

3

AIP 343Masculinity and Hollywood Film (UP)

3

COMM 131Introduction to Cinema Studies 

3

COMM 227Styles & Genres in Cinema and Television

3

COMM 330Film And History

3

EWL 305The Spanish Inquisition in Literature and Film

3

EWL 308Trauma in Literature and Film

3

EWL 327Literature and Film Of The Global Portuguese Empire

3

EWL 345/COMM 345Shakespeare and Film

3

EWL 350/COMM 328Special Topics in Literature and Media

3

FREN 315French and Francophone Cinema

3

Note:

Courses COMM 227, EWL 305, EWL 308, EWL 345, EWL 350 have discipline specific prerequisites, beyond WRIT 102/WRIT 201 and/or MATH 113. History majors who wish to include these courses in their program should plan accordingly.

Global History

 
Core Module
HIST 218/IS 218The Making of the Modern World

3

IS 112Globalizations of Past and Present

3

Module(s) chosen from:
COMM 304Global Media Studies

3

EWL 112World Literature: contexts

3

EWL 120World Literature: themes

3

EWL 334Literary New York

3

EWL 357/PSYCH 357Psychological Portraits  in Literature  

3

HIST 215Ancient Worlds: the Foundations of World Civilization

3

HIST 306CROSS-CULTRL ENCNTRS:1500-1800

HIST 327/IS 327/PS 327American Foreign Relations

3

HIST 330Silk Road and its Travelers

3

IS 306/ECO 306Development and Global Change

3

IS 315International Law

3

IS 324United Nations: History, Theory and Practice

3

IS 331Global Cities

3

MUS 110Introduction to World Music

3

RS 115Introduction to Judaism, Christianity, & Islam

3

RS 120 Introduction to the Religions of Asia

3

RS 200World’s Major Religious Texts

3

RS 320Islam

3

RS 321Christianity

3

RS 332Judaism

3

RS 337Buddhism

3

RS 339Hinduism

3

Note:

Courses COMM 304, EWL 357, IS 324, IS 306, IS 331 have discipline specific prerequisites, beyond WRIT 102/WRIT 201 and/or MATH 113. History majors who wish to include these courses in their program should plan accordingly.

Hispanic/Latin American History

Module(s) chosen from:

AIP 315Spain in the 1980’s and the Films of Almodóvar (CP, IP)

3

EWL 305The Spanish Inquisition in Literature and Film

3

EWL 327Literature and Film Of The Global Portuguese Empire

3

EWL 347/SPAN 347Latin American Fiction

3

IS 323/HIST 323/PHR 323/PS 323Latin America: Politics, Identity, and History

3

SPAN 315Hispanic Civilization

3

Note:

Courses IS 323, EWL 305 have discipline specific prerequisites, beyond WRIT 102/WRIT 201 and/or MATH 113. History majors who wish to include these courses in their program should plan accordingly.

History of Business and Advertising

Module(s) chosen from:

ART 290/DANC 290/THTR 290History & Mission of Arts Institutions

3

ART 312A History of Graphic Design and Illustration

3

ART 320History of Museums and Collections

3

BUS 225The Business of Fashion

3

BUS 232/COMM 232Advertising

3

BUS 306/COMM 306Advertising and Society

3

COMM 230Cultural History of Media

3

COMM 320The American Television Industry 

3

EWL 339Money, Money, Money: Literature and the American Dream

3

HIST 312Made in the U.S.A. : American Consumer History

3

Note:

Courses BUS 232, BUS 306, COMM 320, EWL 339 have discipline specific prerequisites, beyond WRIT 102/WRIT 201 and/or MATH 113. History majors who wish to include these courses in their program should plan accordingly.

History of Costume and Fashion

Module(s) chosen from:

AIP 327 The Body in American Culture: Colonial Period to the Gilded Age (CP, REP, UP)

3

AIP 342Fashion, History and Society (CP)

3

BUS 225The Business of Fashion

3

DANC 230Costume for Dance 

3

THTR 327Gender in Performance: Cross-Dressing on the American Stage

3

 

History and Culture of Dance

Module(s) chosen from:

AIP 340Cultural Dynamics of Social Dance (CP)

3

ART 290/DANC 290/THTR 290History & Mission of Arts Institutions

3

DANC 230Costume for Dance 

3

DANC 309Ethics/Aesthetics/Gender in the Performing Arts

3

DANC 311Black Dance in America

3

DANC 354Dance and Cultural Histories  

3

THTR 327Gender in Performance: Cross-Dressing on the American Stage

3

 

History and Culture of Music

Module(s) chosen from:

COMM 335Music as Media

3

MUS 110Introduction to World Music

3

MUS 231Introduction to Opera

3

MUS 310Opera and History

3

MUS 320Special Topics in the History and Nature of Music

3

MUS 370History of Rock Music

3

MUS 372History of American Jazz

3

Note:

Course COMM 335, have discipline specific prerequisites, beyond WRIT 102/WRIT 201 and/or MATH 113. History majors who wish to include these courses in their program should plan accordingly.

History and Culture of New York City

Module(s) chosen from:

AIP 329Urban Interventions and Public Space (CP)

3

AIP 331Greenwich Village (UP)

3

AIP 332New York: A World City (UP)

3

AIP 346/PHR 346Reform or Revolution: Radical New York in the Early 20th Century (EP, UP)

3

ART 362Visual Arts Seminar: New York City

3

EWL 334Literary New York

3

NYC 101-105New York City Seminars (DS1-DS5)

PS 263/PHR 263 Power and Politics in the City

3

SOC 220Central Park & The People

3

THTR 214Exploring the Performing Arts

3

Note:

Courses  ART 362, EWL 334 have discipline specific prerequisites, beyond WRIT 102/WRIT 201 and/or MATH 113. History majors who wish to include these courses in their program should plan accordingly.

History and Culture of Theater

 
Recommended Core Module
THTR 230Theatre Histories I: early evidence through 1750

3

THTR 231Theatre Histories II: 1750 through tomorrow

3

Further module(s) chosen from:
AIP 316The Ethics of Performance Reenactment and Passion Playing (CP, EP)

3

ART 290/DANC 290/THTR 290History & Mission of Arts Institutions

3

EWL 324World Drama

3

EWL 345/COMM 345Shakespeare and Film

3

EWL 410Shakespeare Seminar

3

THTR 239History of Period Styles

3

THTR 311Shakespeare, the Stage, and Humanity

3

THTR 316British Drama and Theatre

3

THTR 319Drama & Theatre in the United States

3

THTR 327Gender in Performance: Cross-Dressing on the American Stage

3

THTR 329Tragedy and Religion

3

THTR 408Medieval Performance

3

THTR 412History & Theory of New Media in Performance

3

THTR 475/ART 475/COMM 475The Avant-Garde in Art, Film and Performance

3

Note:

Courses EWL 324, EWL 345, EWL 410, THTR 239, THTR 311, THTR 316, THTR 408, THTR 475 have discipline specific prerequisites, beyond WRIT 102/WRIT 201 and/or MATH 113. History majors who wish to include these courses in their program should plan accordingly.

History of Gender and Sexuality

Module(s) chosen from:

AIP 303Deconstructing the American Family (CP, UP)

3

AIP 307Mediating Motherhood (CP, REP)

3

AIP 330 Perversity Deviance and Social Change (CP)

3

AIP 343Masculinity and Hollywood Film (UP)

3

AIP 349History of Childhood in America: Growing up in the 20th Century (UP)

3

DANC 309Ethics/Aesthetics/Gender in the Performing Arts

3

EWL 230/GSS 230LGBTQ Literary Traditions

3

EWL 234/GSS 234Women’s Literary Traditions

3

EWL 309Women Write the World

3

EWL 417Austen Seminar

3

EWL 422Virginia Woolf Seminar

3

GSS 210Gender Studies

3

GSS 250Sexuality Studies

3

HIST 255American Women’s History

3

HIST 372/IS 372Women and Family in Chinese History

3

PS 317Money, Sex and Power

3

RS 216/GSS 216Religion and Sexuality

3

RS 228Religion and Gender

3

THTR 327Gender in Performance: Cross-Dressing on the American Stage

3

Note:

Courses EWL 309, EWL 417, EWL 422 have discipline specific prerequisites, beyond WRIT 102/WRIT 201 and/or MATH 113. History majors who wish to include these courses in their program should plan accordingly.

History of Race and Ethnicity

Module(s) chosen from:

AIP 305/EWL 367Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man (UP, REP)

3

AIP 324 Race and Place in Natural Histories of the Americas (CP, REP, UP)

3

AIP 330 Perversity Deviance and Social Change (CP)

3

AIP 335Understanding American Slavery (UP)

3

AIP 345/PHR 345Civil Rights (REP, UP)

3

AIP 348Perspectives on the Holocaust and Genocide (IP)

3

DANC 311Black Dance in America

3

EWL 228African-American Literary Traditions

3

EWL 305The Spanish Inquisition in Literature and Film

3

EWL 311Reading While Black: Writing, Race, and Resistance

3

EWL 327Literature and Film Of The Global Portuguese Empire

3

EWL 335Slavery in the American Imaginary

3

EWL 347/SPAN 347Latin American Fiction

3

EWL 362“Becoming American”: Immigrant Narratives

3

EWL 365/FREN 365Reading Contemporary Africa

3

FREN 315French and Francophone Cinema

3

MUS 372History of American Jazz

3

RS 326Religion, Race, and Ethnicity 

3

SOC 359/PHR 359Race and Ethnicity

3

Note:

Courses AIP 348, EWL 305, EWL 311, EWL 335, EWL 362, EWL 365, SOC 359 have discipline specific prerequisites, beyond WRIT 102/WRIT 201 and/or MATH 113. History majors who wish to include these courses in their program should plan accordingly.

History of Religions

Module(s) chosen from:

AIP 316The Ethics of Performance Reenactment and Passion Playing (CP, EP)

3

ART 271Islamic Art

3

ART 353Medieval Art and Architecture

3

RS 115Introduction to Judaism, Christianity, & Islam

3

RS 120 Introduction to the Religions of Asia

3

EWL 318/RS 318Religion and Literature 

3

RS 200World’s Major Religious Texts

3

RS 315Religion and Experience

3

RS 320Islam

3

RS 321Christianity

3

RS 324Mysticism: East and West

3

RS 332Judaism

3

RS 337Buddhism

3

RS 339Hinduism

3

THTR 329Tragedy and Religion

3

Note:

Courses EWL 312, RS 315 have discipline specific prerequisites, beyond WRIT 102/WRIT 201 and/or MATH 113. History majors who wish to include these courses in their program should plan accordingly.

History of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math)

Module(s) chosen from:

AIP 322Historical Perspectives in Natural Science (NP)

3

AIP 324 Race and Place in Natural Histories of the Americas (CP, REP, UP)

3

AIP 351Mathematics without Boundaries (NP)

3

COMM 312Digital Cultures

3

MATH 351History of Mathematics

3

PHIL 409HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SC

THTR 412History & Theory of New Media in Performance

3

Note:

Courses AIP 322, AIP 351, COMM 312, MATH 351  have discipline specific prerequisites, beyond WRIT 102/WRIT 201 and/or MATH 113. History majors who wish to include these courses in their program should plan accordingly.

Legal History

Module(s) chosen from:

AIP 312Great Trials of the Century (UP)

3

AIP 314The Criminal Mind: Psychological and Political Perspectives (UP)

3

AIP 318The Foundations of Anglo-American Law (CP, IP)

3

COMM 395Media, Law & Ethics

3

EWL 322Literature and Human Rights

3

IS 315International Law

3

PHIL 261Political Philosophy

3

PS 324Law, Government & Politics in America

3

PS 402American Constitutional Law

3

Note:

Courses AIP 314, PS 402 have discipline specific prerequisites, beyond WRIT 102/WRIT 201 and/or MATH 113. History majors who wish to include these courses in their program should plan accordingly.

Media History

Module(s) chosen from:

COMM 230Cultural History of Media

3

COMM 320The American Television Industry 

3

COMM 395Media, Law & Ethics

3

EWL 350/COMM 328Special Topics in Literature and Media

3

THTR 412History & Theory of New Media in Performance

3

Note:

Courses COMM 320, EWL 350 have discipline specific prerequisites, beyond WRIT 102/WRIT 201 and/or MATH 113. History majors who wish to include these courses in their program should plan accordingly.

Medieval History and Culture

Module(s) chosen from:

AIP 316The Ethics of Performance Reenactment and Passion Playing (CP, EP)

3

AIP 344 Medievalisms: Past and Present (CP)

3

ART 353Medieval Art and Architecture

3

ART 355Renaissance and Baroque Art

3

EWL 210History of the English Language 

3

EWL 212Dragons, Knights, and Damsels: The Middle Ages

3

EWL 305The Spanish Inquisition in Literature and Film

3

EWL 314The Many Lives of King Arthur

3

EWL 342/RS 342Dante’s Divine Comedy

3

EWL 415Chaucer Seminar 

3

HIST 216Europe: Antiquity to Enlightenment

3

PHIL 203Medieval Philosophy

3

THTR 408Medieval Performance

3

Note:

Courses ART 353, ART 355, EWL 305, EWL 314, EWL 415, THTR 408 have discipline specific prerequisites, beyond WRIT 102/WRIT 201 and/or MATH 113. History majors who wish to include these courses in their program should plan accordingly.

Modern European Intellectual History

Module(s) chosen from:

ART 291/PHIL 251Aesthetics and Criticism

3

ART 310/PHIL 310Philosophy of Art

3

ECO 317/IS 317International Economics

3

EWL 304Inside Modernism

3

EWL 322Literature and Human Rights

3

EWL 331Literature and Revolution

3

EWL 337 Philosophies and Poetics of Translation

3

IS 112Globalizations of Past and Present

3

IS 311/PS 311Democracy and Its Critics

3

IS 329Nationalisms, Regionalisms, Globalisms

3

PHIL 305Modern Philosophy

3

PHIL 317Existentialism

3

PS 310Modern Political Thought

3

PS 334/PHR 334Conservative Political Thought

3

RS 110Faith and Doubt

3

SOC 301Classical Social Theory

3

SOC 330/PHR 330Great Social Thinkers

3

Note:

Courses ART 310, ECO 317, IS 329, PHIL 305, PHIL 307, PHIL 317, PHIL 333, PS 310, PS 334, SOC 301, SOC 330 have discipline specific prerequisites, beyond WRIT 102/WRIT 201 and/or MATH 113. History majors who wish to include these courses in their program should plan accordingly.